Consent to treatment

Consent to treatment means a person must give permission before they receive any type of medical treatment, test or examination.

This must be done on the basis of an explanation by a clinician.

Consent from a patient is needed regardless of the procedure, whether it's a physical examination or something else.

The principle of consent is an important part of medical ethics and international human rights law.

Defining consent

For consent to be valid, it must be voluntary and informed, and the person consenting must have the capacity to make the decision.

The meaning of these terms are:

If an adult has the capacity to make a voluntary and informed decision to consent to or refuse a particular treatment, their decision must be respected.

This is still the case even if refusing treatment would result in their death, or the death of their unborn child.

If a person does not have the capacity to make a decision about their treatment and they have not appointed a lasting power of attorney (LPA), the healthcare professionals treating them can go ahead and give treatment if they believe it's in the person's best interests.

But clinicians must take reasonable steps to discuss the situation with the person's friends or relatives before making these decisions.

Read more about assessing the capacity to consent, which explains what someone can do if they know their capacity to consent may be affected in the future.

How consent is given

Consent can be given:

Someone could also give non-verbal consent, as long as they understand the treatment or examination about to take place – for example, holding out an arm for a blood test.

Consent should be given to the healthcare professional responsible for the person's treatment.

This could be a:

If someone's going to have a major procedure, such as an operation, their consent should be secured well in advance so they have plenty of time to understand the procedure and ask questions.

If they change their mind at any point before the procedure, they're entitled to withdraw their previous consent.

Consent from children and young people

If they're able to, consent is usually given by patients themselves.

But someone with parental responsibility may need to give consent for a child up to the age of 16 to have treatment.

Find out more about how the rules of consent apply to children and young people

When consent is not needed

There are some exceptions when treatment may be able to go ahead without the person's consent, even if they're capable of giving their permission.

It may not be necessary to obtain consent if a person:

Consent and life support

A person may be being kept alive with supportive treatments, such as lung ventilation, without having made an advance decision, which outlines the care they'd refuse to receive.

In these cases, a decision about continuing or stopping treatment needs to be made based on what that person's best interests are believed to be.

To help reach a decision, healthcare professionals should discuss the issue with the relatives and friends of the person receiving the treatment.

They should consider:

Treatment can be stopped if there's an agreement that continuing treatment is not in the person's best interests.

The case will be referred to the courts before further action is taken if:

It's important to note the difference between stopping a person's life support and taking a deliberate action to make them die. 

For example, injecting a lethal medicine would be illegal.

Complaints

If you believe you have received treatment you did not consent to, you can make an official complaint.

Find out more about feedback and complaints about NHS services on the NHS England website

Page last reviewed: 8 December 2022
Next review due: 8 December 2025