Treatment

Treatment for frostbite depends on the severity of your symptoms. Always get medical attention if you think you or someone else has frostbite.

If the symptoms of frostbite are minor, call your GP or NHS 111 for advice.

If the symptoms are severe, go immediately to your nearest A&E. If you're unable to move, call 999 to ask for an ambulance.

First aid

If medical assistance isn't available, the following steps can be taken to treat frostbite and hypothermia:

• move to a warmer place (if possible) – it's best to avoid walking on frostbitten feet and toes as it can cause further damage, but in emergency situations this may not always be possible
• gently remove gloves, boots, rings and any other items of clothing or jewellery around the affected area
• replace wet clothing with soft, dry clothing to stop further heat loss
• warm the body by wrapping it in blankets and protecting the frostbitten parts
• don't rub the affected area or apply direct heat (such as from a fire or heater) as this can cause further injury
• don't smoke if you have frostbite (or allow someone else with frostbite to smoke) because smoking can affect blood circulation

Read more about treating hypothermia.

Rewarming the frostbitten areas

The frostbitten areas need to be rewarmed. Rewarming shouldn't be attempted until you're out of the cold.

If the warming process is started and the frozen parts are then re-exposed to the cold, it can cause further, irreversible damage.

Rewarming should ideally be carried out under medical supervision – it can be a painful process requiring painkillers and expert medical assessment. The best results are achieved using a whirlpool bath that contains a mild antiseptic.

The affected area should be rewarmed slowly by immersing it in warm, but not hot, water. A bath of water at a temperature of 37C to 39C (98.6F to 102.2F) is recommended.

Rewarming should last at least 30 minutes and only be stopped once the affected body part is a red-purple colour and can be easily moved.

This process can be repeated twice a day until there are clear signs that the affected body part is beginning to heal, such as the growth of new skin and the return of normal skin colour.

Depending on the severity of pain, strong painkillers, such as morphine, may be needed. Ibuprofen should also be taken as it has additional protective properties for frostbite.

After rewarming

After the frostbitten area has been thawed, it should be gently wrapped in clean bandages, with the fingers and toes separated. It's very important to keep the skin clean to avoid infection.

Too much movement should be avoided, and the limbs should be raised if possible. Avoid walking on affected feet and toes that have been rewarmed, as the tissues will be very delicate.

After rewarming, the skin will be discoloured and blistered, and will eventually scab over. If the frostbite is superficial, new pink skin will form beneath the discoloured skin and scabs. The area usually recovers within 6 months.

Severe frostbite

If you have severe frostbite, you'll need to be admitted to a specialist unit where medical staff are experienced in treating these types of injuries.

This is often a specialist burns unit because exposure to very high temperatures can cause the same type of injury as exposure to very cold temperatures.

If there's a high risk of major damage, you may have thrombolytic therapy (tPA). Medicine to help break up small clots in the frostbitten blood vessels will be given as injections or through a drip in your arm.

This should improve blood flow to the affected body part, which can stimulate healing and prevent further damage. You may also be given antibiotics to prevent the affected body part becoming infected.

Iloprost is sometimes used to treat severe frostbite. It works by widening the blood vessels that supply blood to the affected body part.

When severe frostbite threatens the loss of a limb, finger or toe, a person should be considered for treatment with tPA or iloprost within 24 hours of the injury happening.

Experience has shown that treatment given within this timeframe has the best outcomes in terms of saving the affected body part.

But giving these treatments after 24 hours could still be considered to be an option at an experienced unit.

If some of the tissue of the affected body part has died (gangrene), it'll need to be removed. The procedure to remove dead tissue is called debridement.

In the most serious cases of frostbite, an entire part of the body, such as the fingers or toes, may need to be removed (amputated).

A decision to perform debridement or amputation is usually delayed for several weeks, as often what appears to be dead tissue can heal and recover over time.

Long-term effects of frostbite

After having frostbite, some people are left with permanent problems, such as increased sensitivity to cold, numbness, stiffness and pain in the affected area.

Unfortunately, not much can be done to treat sensitivity to cold, numbness or stiffness. A medicine called amitriptyline can sometimes be effective at controlling the pain associated with the long-term effects of frostbite.