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Fat: the facts

Too much fat in your diet, especially saturated fats, can raise your cholesterol, which increases the risk of heart disease.

Current UK government guidelines advise cutting down on all fats and replacing saturated fat with some unsaturated fat.

Why we need some fat

A small amount of fat is an essential part of a healthy, balanced diet. Fat is a source of essential fatty acids, which the body cannot make itself.

Fat helps the body absorb vitamin A, vitamin D and vitamin E. These vitamins are fat-soluble, which means they can only be absorbed with the help of fats.

Any fat that's not used by your body's cells or turned into energy is converted into body fat. Likewise, unused carbohydrates and proteins are also converted into body fat.

All types of fat are high in energy. A gram of fat, whether it's saturated or unsaturated, provides 9kcal (37kJ) of energy compared with 4kcal (17kJ) for carbohydrate and protein.

The main types of fat found in food are:

Most fats and oils contain both saturated and unsaturated fats in different proportions.

As part of a healthy diet, you should try to cut down on foods and drinks that are high in saturated fats and trans fats and replace some of them with unsaturated fats.

Saturated fats

Saturated fats are found in many foods, both sweet and savoury.

Most of them come from animal sources, including meat and dairy products, as well as some plant foods, such as palm oil and coconut oil.

Foods high in saturated fats

Cholesterol and saturated fats

Cholesterol is a fatty substance that's mostly made by the body in the liver.

It's carried in the blood as:

Eating too much saturated fats in your diet can raise "bad" LDL cholesterol in your blood, which can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke.

"Good" HDL cholesterol has a positive effect by taking cholesterol from parts of the body where there's too much of it to the liver, where it's disposed of.

Saturated fat guidelines

Most people in the UK eat too much saturated fats.

The government recommends that:

Trans fats

Trans fats are found naturally at low levels in some foods, such as meat and dairy products.

They can also be found in partially hydrogenated vegetable oil. Hydrogenated vegetable oil must be declared on a food's ingredients list if it's been included.

Like saturated fats, trans fats can raise cholesterol levels in the blood.

The government recommends that:

Most of the supermarkets in the UK have removed partially hydrogenated vegetable oil from all their own-brand products.

People in the UK tend to eat a lot more saturated fats than trans fats. This means that when you're looking at the amount of fat in your diet, it's more important to focus on reducing the amount of saturated fats.

Unsaturated fats

If you want to reduce your risk of heart disease, it's best to reduce your overall fat intake and swap saturated fats for unsaturated fats.

There's good evidence that replacing saturated fats with some unsaturated fats can help to lower your cholesterol level.

Mostly found in oils from plants and fish, unsaturated fats can be either monounsaturated or polyunsaturated.

Monounsaturated fats

Monounsaturated fats help protect your heart by maintaining levels of "good" HDL cholesterol while reducing levels of "bad" LDL cholesterol in your blood.

Monounsaturated fats are found in:

Polyunsaturated fats

Polyunsaturated fats can also help lower the level of "bad" LDL cholesterol in your blood.

There are 2 main types of polyunsaturated fats: omega-3 and omega-6.

Some types of omega-3 and omega-6 fats cannot be made by your body, which means it's essential to include small amounts of them in your diet.

Omega-6 fats are found in vegetable oils, such as:

Nuts that have higher amounts of omega-6 include:

Omega-3 fats are found in oily fish, such as:

Most people get enough omega-6 in their diet, but it's recommended to have more omega-3 by eating at least 2 portions of fish each week, with 1 portion being an oily fish.

Sources of omega-3 fatty acids suitable for vegetarians include flaxseed (linseed) oil, rapeseed oil, walnuts and egg enriched with omega-3.

Find out more about healthy eating as a vegetarian.

Buying lower fat foods

The nutrition labels on food packaging can help you cut down on total fat and saturated fat (also listed as "saturates", or "sat fat").

Nutrition information can be presented in different ways on the front and back of packaging.

Total fat

Saturated fat

"Lower fat" labels

For a product to be labelled lower fat, reduced fat, lite or light, it must contain at least 30% less fat than a similar product.

But if the type of food in question is usually high in fat, the lower fat version may still be a high-fat food (17.5g or more of fat per 100g).

For example, a lower fat mayonnaise may contain 30% less fat than the standard version, but it's still high in fat.

Also, foods that are lower in fat are not necessarily lower in calories. Sometimes the fat is replaced with sugar and the food may end up having a similar energy content to the regular version.

To be sure of the fat and energy content, remember to check the nutrition label on the packet.

Cutting down on fat is only one aspect of achieving a healthy diet.

Find out more about what food labelling terms mean, and how to get a balanced nutritious diet using the Eatwell Guide.

Use the Change4Life Food Scanner app app to find healthier food choices when you're shopping.