Complications

As with all types of surgery, a hysterectomy can sometimes lead to complications.

Some of the possible complications are:

• general anaesthetic complications
• bleeding
• ureter damage
• bladder or bowel damage
• infection
• blood clots
• vaginal problems
• ovary failure
• early menopause

General anaesthetic

It's very rare for serious complications to happen after having a general anaesthetic.

Serious complications can include nerve damage, allergic reaction and death. But death is very rare.

Being fit and healthy before you have an operation reduces your risk of developing complications.

Bleeding

As with all major operations, there's a small risk of heavy bleeding (haemorrhage) after having a hysterectomy.

If you have heavy bleeding, you may need a blood transfusion.

Ureter damage

The ureter (the tube that urine is passed through) may be damaged during surgery.

This is a rare complication and it's usually repaired during the hysterectomy.

Bladder or bowel damage

In rare cases, there's damage to abdominal organs such as the bladder or bowel.

This can cause problems such as:

• infection
• incontinence
• needing to pee often

It may be possible to repair any damage during the hysterectomy. You may need a temporary catheter to drain your urine or a colostomy to collect your bowel movements.

Infection

There's always a risk of an infection after an operation. This could be a wound infection or a urinary tract infection.

These are not usually serious and can be treated with antibiotics.

Blood clots

A blood clot, also known as a thrombosis, can form in a vein and interferes with blood circulation and the flow of oxygen around the body.

The risk of getting blood clots increases after having operations and periods of immobility.

You'll be encouraged to start moving around as soon as possible after your operation.

You may also be given an injection of a blood-thinning medication (anticoagulant) to reduce the risk of clots.

Vaginal problems

If you have a vaginal hysterectomy, there's a risk of problems at the top of your vagina where the cervix was removed.

This could range from infection or slow wound healing after the operation to prolapse in later years.

Ovary failure

Even if 1 or both of your ovaries are left intact, you may still have symptoms of the menopause earlier than expected.

Early menopause

If you have had your ovaries removed, you'll usually have menopausal symptoms soon after the operation, such as:

• hot flushes
• sweating
• vaginal dryness
• disturbed sleep

This is because your ovaries are no longer releasing the hormone oestrogen and releasing eggs (ovulating).

This is an important consideration if you're under the age of 40, as early onset of the menopause can increase your risk of developing weak bones (osteoporosis).

This is because oestrogen levels decrease during the menopause.

Depending on your age and circumstances, you may need to take extra medicine to prevent osteoporosis.